650–969) – jedyne znane państwo judaistyczne, którego mieszkańcy nie byli etnicznymi ŻydamiGolden, „conversion” 141–145, 161; Brook passim; Graetz 139; Rossman 82; Pinkus, Benjamin. The Jews of the Soviet Union: The History of a National Minority, Cambridge University Press, 1988, s. 2. While anti-Jewish persecutions are known to have occurred in Byzantium, scholars differ on their specific extent, nature and consistency. E.g., Angold, Michael. Church and Society in Byzantium Under the Comneni, 1081–1261, Cambridge University Press, 1995, s. 508; Gil, Moshe. A History of Palestine, 634–1099, Cambridge University Press, 1992, s. 9; Haldon, John F. Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture, Cambridge University Press, 1990, 345. . See also Scharf 97-99; Whittow, Mark. The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025, University of California Press, 1996, s. 44; Bowman, Stephen B., Ankori, Zvi The Jews of Byzantium 1204–1453 Bloch Pub Co (December 2001); Starr, Joshua, The Jews in the Byzantine Empire 641–1204 Burt Franklin (1970); R. Jenkins „Byzantium”; Ostrogorski 161; Cohen 112; Norwich 89; Geanakoplos 268; The Oxford History of Byzantium 13.; Browning 54; Cameron 272-274.E.g., Brook; Dunlop; Golden, Khazar Studies passim;