the word "Turkmen" actually means "nomadic Oghuz." In any case, the "Turkmen" of Aq qoyunlu and Qaraqoyunlu are Azerbaijanis.Г.Д Мuклухо-Маклаū, Шuuзм u еso соцо Иране на рубеже ХV-XVI ьь. : "As a result, these tribes, called Qizilbash, were related to the Azerbaijani tribes, who by their languages and origins established the Qaraqoyunlu and Aqqoyunlu states, and ruled Azerbaijan and much of Iran in the 15th century."
Po rozpadzie imperium Afshar w 1747 r. w Azerbejdżanie i irańskim Azerbejdżanie powstały chanaty (królestwa) pochodzenia azerbejdżańskiego. Okres ten jest uważany za okres feudalnej fragmentacji Azerbejdżanu.Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russian Azerbaijan, 1905—1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 2004. : Thus began a half-century-long period of Azerbaijani independence, albeit in a condition of deep political fragmentation and internal warfare. Most of the principalities were organized as khanates, small replicas of the Persian monarchy, including Karabagh, Sheki, Ganja, Baku, Derbent, Kuba, Nakhichevan, Talysh, and Erivan in northern Azerbaijan and Tabriz, Urmi, Ardabil, Khoi, Maku, Maragin, and Karadagh in its southern part.