Alfabeto Fonetico Internacional

Iste articlo ye sobre l'Alfabeto Fonetico Internacional; ta atros usos, se veiga AFI. L'Alfabeto Fonetico Internacional (AFI en aragonés, API en francés, IPA en anglés y en braille IPA ⠘ ⠷⠁⠌⠏⠈⠓⠊⠒⠑⠌⠘ ⠾ ) ye un sistema de notación fonetica. O suyo proposito ye estableixer, de forma regularizada, precisa y unica, a representación d'os sonius d'a parla de cualsiquier luenga, y en l'ambito profesional lo fan servir frecuentement lingüistas, logopedas, terapeutas, mayestros de luenga estranchera, lexicografos y traductors. En a suya forma basica (en 2005) tien alto u baixo 107 simbolos bsicos y 55 modificadors.

Os simbolos de l'Alfabeto Fonetico Internacional son dividius en tres categorías: letras (que indican sonius “basicos”), diacriticos (que especifican ixos sonius) y suprasegmentals (que indican cualidaz tals como velocidat, tono y accentuación). Istas categorías son divididas en seccions menors: as letras son divididas en vocals y consonants Asociación Fonetica Internacional (1999, 3) “Segments can usefully be divided into two major categories, consonants and vowels.” y os diacriticos y os suprasegmentals son dividius seguntes si indican articulación, fonación, tono, entonación u accentuación.

Encara que l'AFI fue creyau pa representar nomás aquellas cualidaz d'a parla que son relevants pa l'idioma en sí (como a posición d'a luenga, o modo d'articulación y a deseparación y l'accentuación de palabras y silabas), s'ha creyau un conchunto nuevo de simbolos como extensions de l'Alfabeto Fonetico Internacional pa sinyalar cualidaz d'a parla que no tienen un efecto dreito en o significau (como por eixemplo o cruixiu de dients, o sigmatismo y os sonius efectuaus por personas con fisuras labiopalatinas).

L'AFI puet emplegar-se pa transcribir cualsiquier luenga d'o mundo. Ye l'alfabeto fonetico mas emplegau en tot o mundo, encara que en Estaus Unius muitos lingüistas continan emplegando, con preferencia, os simbolos de l'alfabeto fonetico americanista.

Simbolos de l'AFI L'Alfabeto Fonetico Internacional divide os suyos simbolos de letra en tres categorías: consonants infraglotals u egresivas (pulmonicas), consonants supraglotals u ingresivas (no pulmonicas) y vocals. International Phonetic Association, Handbook, p. 6.

Consonants infraglotals u egresivas (pulmonicas) As consonants egresivas son aquellas que s'articulan exhalando aire dende os polmons. En muitos idiomas, entre els l'aragonés, ye l'unico tipo de consonant existent. Cuasi todas as consonants se troban en ista categoría, ordenadas en a siguient tabla de manera que as columnas indican o punto d'articulación y as filas o modo d'articulación. As consonants a la ezquierda representan sonius xordos y as consonants a la dreita, un soniu sonoro.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" |+ style="background:#ccccff; border:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 0; padding: 1em" | Consonants |- style="font-size: smaller" ! style="text-align: right" | Punto → ! colspan="5" | Labial ! colspan="10" | Coronal ! colspan="6" | Dorsal ! colspan="5" | Larinchia |- style="border-bottom: 3px solid #777; font-size: smaller" ! ↓ Modo ! colspan="2" | Bilabial ! colspan="2" | Labiodental ! colspan="2" | Linguolabial ! colspan="2" | Dental ! colspan="2" | Alveolar ! colspan="2" | Postalveolar ! colspan="2" | Retroflexa ! colspan="2" | Alveopalatal ! colspan="2" | Palatal ! colspan="2" | Velar ! colspan="2" | Uvular ! colspan="2" | Farinchia/Epiglotal ! colspan="2" | Glotal |- ! style="font-size: smaller" | Nasal | style="border-right: 0" | m̥ | style="border-left: 0" | m | style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0" | ɱ | style="border-right: 0" | n̼̊ | style="border-left: 0" | n̼ | colspan="2" style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | n̥ | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | n | colspan="2" style="border-left: 0" | | style="border-right: 0" | ɳ̊ | style="border-left: 0" | ɳ | colspan="2" style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | ɲ̊ | style="border-left: 0" | ɲ | style="border-right: 0" | ŋ̊ | style="border-left: 0" | ŋ | style="border-right: 0" | ɴ̥ | style="border-left: 0" | ɴ | colspan="4" style="background: #ccc" | |- ! style="font-size: smaller" | Oclusiva | style="border-right: 0" | p | style="border-left: 0" | b | style="border-right: 0" | p̪ | style="border-left: 0" | b̪ | style="border-right: 0" | t̼ | style="border-left: 0" | d̼ | colspan="2" style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | t | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | d | colspan="2" style="border-left: 0" | | style="border-right: 0" | ʈ | style="border-left: 0" | ɖ | colspan="2" style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | c | style="border-left: 0" | ɟ | style="border-right: 0" | k | style="border-left: 0" | ɡ | style="border-right: 0" | q | style="border-left: 0" | ɢ | colspan="2"| ʡ || ʔ | style="background: #ccc" | |- ! style="font-size: smaller" | Africada sibilant | colspan="6" style="background: #ccc" | | colspan="2" style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | ts | style="border-left: 0" | dz | style="border-right: 0" | tʃ | style="border-left: 0" | dʒ | style="border-right: 0" | ʈʂ | style="border-left: 0" | ɖʐ | style="border-right: 0" | tɕ | style="border-left: 0" | dʑ | colspan="10" style="background: #ccc" | |- ! style="font-size: smaller" | Africada no sibilant | style="border-right: 0" | pɸ | style="border-left: 0" | bβ | style="border-right: 0" | p̪f | style="border-left: 0" | b̪v | style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0" | | style="border-right: 0" | tθ | style="border-left: 0" | dð | style="border-right: 0" | t͡θ̠ | style="border-left: 0" | d͡ð̠ | style="border-right: 0" | t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ | style="border-left: 0" | d̠͡ɹ̠˔ | style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0" | | colspan="2" style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | cç | style="border-left: 0" | ɟʝ | style="border-right: 0" | kx | style="border-left: 0" | ɡɣ | style="border-right: 0" | qχχ͡ʀ̥ | style="border-left: 0" | ɢʁ | style="border-right: 0" | ʡħ | style="border-left: 0" | ʡ͡ʢ || ʔh | style="background: #ccc" | |- ! style="font-size: smaller" | Fricativa sibilant | colspan="6" style="background: #ccc" | | colspan="2" style="border-left: 0" | | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | s | style="border-left: 0" | z | style="border-right: 0" | ʃ | style="border-left: 0" | ʒ | style="border-right: 0" | ʂ | style="border-left: 0" | ʐ | style="border-right: 0" | ɕ | style="border-left: 0" | ʑ | colspan="10" style="background: #ccc" | |- ! style="font-size: smaller" | Fricativa no sibilant | rowspan="2" style="border-right: 0" | ɸ ɸ̞

| rowspan="2" style="border-left: 0" | β β̞ | style="border-right: 0" | f | style="border-left: 0" | v | style="border-right: 0" | θ̼ | rowspan="2" style="border-left: 0" | ð̼ | rowspan="2" style="border-right: 0" | θ | rowspan="2" style="border-left: 0" | ð | style="border-right: 0" | θ̠ | style="border-left: 0" | ð̠ | style="border-right: 0" | ɹ̠̊˔ | style="border-left: 0" | ɹ̠˔ | style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0" | | colspan="2" style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | ç | style="border-left: 0" | ʝ | style="border-right: 0" | x | style="border-left: 0" | ɣ | style="border-right: 0" | χ | rowspan="2" style="border-left: 0" | ʁ | style="border-right: 0" | ħ | rowspan="2" style="border-left: 0" | ʕ | rowspan="2" style="border-right: 0" | h | rowspan="2" style="border-left: 0" | ɦ ʔ̞ |- ! style="font-size: smaller" | Aproximant | style="border-right: 0" | ʋ̥ | style="border-left: 0" | ʋ || | style="border-right: 0" | ɹ̥ | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | ɹ | colspan="2" style="border-left: 0" | | style="border-right: 0" | ɻ̊ | style="border-left: 0" | ɻ | colspan="2" style="border-left: 0" | | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | j̊ | style="border-left: 0" | j | style="border-right: 0" | ɰ̊ | style="border-left: 0" | ɰ | style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-right: 0" | |- ! style="font-size: smaller" | Vibrant simple | style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0" | ⱱ̟ | style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0" | ⱱ | style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0" | ɾ̼ | colspan="2" style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | ɾ̥ | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | ɾ | colspan="2" style="border-left: 0" | | style="border-right: 0" | ɽ̊ | style="border-left: 0" | ɽ | colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="background: #ccc" | | style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0" | ɢ̆ | style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0" | ʡ̮ | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: #ccc" | |- ! style="font-size: smaller" | Vibrant multiple | style="border-right: 0" | ʙ̥ | style="border-left: 0" | ʙ | style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0" | ʙ̪ | style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0" | r̼ | colspan="2" style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | r̥ | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | r | colspan="2" style="border-left: 0" | | style="border-right: 0" | ɽ͡r̥ | style="border-left: 0" | ɽ͡r | style="border-right: 0" | ʀ̥ | style="border-left: 0" | ʀ | style="border-right: 0" | ʜ | style="border-left: 0" | ʢ |- ! style="font-size: smaller" | Africada lateral | colspan="4" rowspan="4" style="background: #ccc" | | colspan="2"| | colspan="2" style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | tɬ | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | dɮ | colspan="2" style="border-left: 0" | | style="border-right: 0" | ʈɭ̊˔ | style="border-left: 0" | | colspan="2" style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | c͡ʎ̥˔ | style="border-left: 0" | | style="border-right: 0" | kʟ̝̊ | style="border-left: 0" | ɡʟ̝ | colspan="2"| | colspan="4" rowspan="4" style="background: #ccc" | |- ! style="font-size: smaller" | Fricativa lateral | colspan="2"| | colspan="2" style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | ɬ | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | ɮ | colspan="2" style="border-left: 0" | | style="border-right: 0" | ꞎ | style="border-left: 0" | ɭ˔ | colspan="2" style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | ʎ̝̊ | style="border-left: 0" | ʎ̝ | style="border-right: 0" | ʟ̝̊ | style="border-left: 0" | ʟ̝ | colspan="2"| |- ! style="font-size: smaller" | Aproximant lateral | style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0" | l̼ | colspan="2" style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | l̥ | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | l | colspan="2" style="border-left: 0" | | style="border-right: 0" | ɭ̊ | style="border-left: 0" | ɭ | colspan="2" style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | ʎ̥ | style="border-left: 0" | ʎ | style="border-right: 0" | ʟ̥ | style="border-left: 0" | ʟ | style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0" | ʟ̠ |- ! style="font-size: smaller" | Vibrant simple lateral | style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0" | ɺ̼ | colspan="2" style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" |ɺ̥ | style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0" | ɺ | colspan="2" style="border-left: 0" | | style="border-right: 0" |ɭ̥̆ | style="border-left: 0" | ɭ̆ | colspan="3" style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0" | ʎ̮ | style="border-right: 0" | | style="border-left: 0" | ʟ̆ | colspan="2"|