Druga Intifada, također znana i kao Al-Aksa Intifada (arapski انتفاضة الأقصى, Intifāḍat El Aqṣa; hebrejski אינתיפאדת אל-אקצה, Intifādat El-Aqtzah) je bio drugi palestinski ustanak protiv izraelske okupacije Zapadne obale i Pojasa Gaze, od 2000. do 2008., kad se situacija smirila i zadržala na razini razmjerno mirnog statusa quo. Prva Intifada bila je od 1987. do 1993.
To razdoblje je označilo intenzivne sukobe i povećanje nasilja između Izraela i Palestine, a općenito se smatra da je povod bio dan kada je Ariel Sharon posjetio Brdo hrama u Jeruzalemu. Arapska riječ "Intifada" se doslovno može prevesti kao "uzdrmavanje". Smrtnost Druge Intifade mnogo je veća od prve: broj poginulih u 8 godina pobune je preko 6,000, od toga 5,500 Palestinaca, 1,062 Izraelaca te 64 strana državljana. Početak Intifade Točan datum početka ustanka je sporan. Neki izvori navode 27. rujna 2000. kao početak, kada je "palestinski službenik za sigurnost ubio izraelskog IDF vojnika kada su zajedno išli na patrolu".*"We describe the epidemiologic features of injuries sustained by Israeli soldiers in the first 19 weeks of the events that occurred in the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and northern Israel and started September 27, 2000. This conflict, referred to by the Palestinians as the "Al-Aqsa Intifada," combined riots of the civilian population with low-intensity military conflict between the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and the Palestinian Armed Forces." Lakstein, Dror, Blumenfeld, Amir. "Israeli Army Casualties in the Second Palestinian Uprising" , Military medicine, May 2005. "The Tisha B'Av service – one of a number organized nationally by the American Zionist Movement in conjunction with Schindler's Ark – focused on the 470 victims of Palestinian terrorism who have died in Israel since September 27, 2000, the resurgence of the intifada." Caplane, Ronnie."Christians, Jews 'stand for Israel' at Tisha B'Av service", j., July 26, 2002. "IDF soldier David Biri, was murdered on September 27, when a convoy of settlers on the way to Netzarim in the Gaza Strip, accompanied by a IDF escort vehicle, was attacked." "Israeli Victims of El Aksa Intifada " , Global Jewish Agenda, Vol. 1, No. 40, November 9, 2000. "Some reasons for inconsistency of the official numbers are eg the date which is counted as the start of the intifada (September 27 or 28th 2000), the regional restrictions of counting areas [...] and differing definitions." Hans-Jörg Albrecht. Conflicts and Conflict Resolution in Middle Eastern Societies-between Tradition and Modernity, Duncker & Humblot, 2006, p. 81. "The eruption of the second Palestinian intifada on September 27, 200, was influenced by the Lebanese example." Najib Ghadbian, "Political Islam: Inclusion or Violence?", in Kent Worcester, Sally A. Bermanzohn, Mark Ungar. Violence and Politics: Globalization's Paradox, Routledge, 2002, p. 103. "The eruption of the second uprising known as al-Aqsa intifada, on September 27, 2000, attests to this view." Najib Ghadbian, "Political Islam: Inclusion or Violence?", in Kent Worcester, Sally A. Bermanzohn, Mark Ungar. Violence and Politics: Globalization's Paradox, Routledge, 2002, p. 105. "Since the beginning of the war, the Tanzim employed two main tactics in its attacks against Israel—shootings and car/roadside bombings. From September 27, 2000, to January 1, 2004, the ICT counted 54 separate shooting incidents in which Tanzim militants attempted to injure or kill Israeli soldiers or settlers." Anthony H. Cordesman. Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, p. 316. "This figure is based on a total of 800 Israeli fatalities from September 27, 2000 (the beginning of the second intifada) through August 12, 2003, Middleastern Conflict Statistics Project, Statistical Report Summary (2003), and an Israeli population of about 6.1 million." Neal Feigenson, Daniel Bailis, and William Klein. ,Missouri Law Review, Vol. 69, Issue 4, Fall 2004, p. 1000. "That war began on September 27, 2000 when a Palestinian security officer on a joint patrol with Israeli forces turned his firearm on his Israeli counterpart and murdered him." Caroline B. Glick. [] , Oxford Journal on Good Governance, Volume 2 ~ Number 2, August 2005, p. 32. Međutim, mnogo češće se 28. rujna uzima kao glavni datum, kada su Palestinci uzvratili nemirima kada je Ariel Sharon, u pratnji naoružanih policajaca, posjetio Brdo hrama u Jeruzalemu, sveto mjesto i za Židove i za Muslimane. Palestinci su njegovu posjetu smatrali činom provokacije i omalovažavanja te su burno reagirali.BBC News: "Al-Aqsa Intifada timeline".Dark Times, Dire Decisions: Jews and Communism, Dan Diner, Jonathan Frankel, Oxford University Press, p.311 Neki pak smatraju da je ustanak započeo tek sljedeći dan, u petak 29. rujna, na dan molitve, kada je povećana prisutnost izraelske policije i vojske koja je uzrokovala teške nemire i sukobe s Palestincima."Mr. Sharon made the visit on September 28 accompanied by over 1,000 Israeli police officers. Although Israelis viewed the visit in an internal political context, Palestinians saw it as highly provocative to them. On the following day, in the same place, a large number of unarmed Palestinian demonstrators and a large Israeli police contingent confronted each other." "Sharm El-Sheikh Fact-Finding Committee Report" (Mitchell Report), April 30, 2001."The following day, the 29th, a Friday and hence the Muslim day of prayer, the young Palestinians flared up." Cypel, Sylvain. Walled: Israeli Society at an Impasse, Other Press, 2006, p. 6. "Then in late September Ariel Sharon [...] visited the Temple Mount [...] The next day, massive violence erupted in Jerusalem and Palestinian-controlled areas in the West Bank and Gaza Strip." Alan Mittleman, Robert A. Licht, Jonathan D. Sarna, Jewish Polity and American Civil Society: Communal Agencies and Religious Movements in the American Public Sphere, Rowman & Littlefield, 2002, p. 161. What America wants – Noam Chomsky Sharon je najavio svoju posjetu te mu je palestinski šef sigurnosti Jibril Rajoub dao odobrenje za istu, dokle god ne stupi u džamiju. Na dan posjete isprva su bile zabilježene mirne demonstracije, s obzirom na Sharonovu vojnu prošlost, poglavito u krvavom Libanonskom ratu 1982., da bi na kraju prerasli u otvorene nemire i sukobe Palestinaca s izraelskim sigurnosnim službama. Razlog takvih burnih reakcija ima nekoliko: tih dana Palestinci su obilježavali 18. godišnjicu masakra u Sabri i Šatili, koji se dogodio kada je Sharon bio ministar obrane, tako da su mnogi Palestinci smatrali njegovu posjetu tom svetom mjestu svetogrđem. Također, iako je Sharonova namjera bila pokazati da svaki Izraelac ima pravo posjetiti Brdo hrama, glasnogovornik Likuda Ofir Akounis je izjavio da je namjera bila pokazati da će pod „Likudom brdo hrama ostati pod izraelskom kontrolom."
Pojedini Izraelci smatraju daje Druga Intifada započela još ranije, kada je Jaser Arafat u srpnju 2000. napustio sumit u kampu David. Izraelske žrtve zabilježene su već 27. rujna, navodi Dr. Jeremy Pressman.The Second Intifada: Backgrounds and Causes of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict by Jeremy Pressman"The wave of terrorism that began in September 2000 is the direct result of a strategic Palestinian decision to use violence – rather than negotiation – as the primary means to advance their agenda....""Indeed, the current wave of terrorism began shortly after intense high-level negotiations were conducted to find a permanent resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In July 2000, a Middle East peace summit was held at Camp David, hosted by U.S. President Bill Clinton and attended by Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat and Israel's Prime Minister Ehud Barak. During the summit, Israel expressed its willingness to make far-reaching and unprecedented compromises in order to arrive at a workable, enduring agreement. However, Yasser Arafat chose to break off the negotiations without even offering any proposals of his own. Consequently, the summit adjourned with President Clinton placing the blame for its failure squarely at Arafat's feet.""It is clear that the current wave of Palestinian terrorism, which began in the wake of the Camp David summit failure, has nothing to do with a spontaneous Palestinian action to "resist the occupation." The Palestinian leadership had taken a strategic decision to abandon the path to peace and to use violence as their primary tactic for advancing their agenda. This decision undermined the bedrock foundation of the peace process – the understanding that a solution can only be reached through compromise rather than inflexibility, and through negotiation rather than violence. The Palestinian claim that Israel's presence in the territories caused the terrorism began as a desperate attempt to deflect criticism after Arafat rejected Israel's peace proposals. It quickly evolved into an excuse for the inexcusable – the indiscriminate murder of innocent civilians.Terrorist attacks can never be justified, and they are particularly tragic when the disputed issues could have been settled through negotiations. The Palestinian Authority had been given a real opportunity to end the conflict through negotiations. However, Israel's olive branch was met with a hail of gunfire and a barrage of suicide bombers. The greatest obstacle to peace is not the lack of a Palestinian state, rather it is the existence of Palestinian terrorism."What caused the current wave of Palestinian terrorism? by the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs"The events of last few days represent the latest and most severe developments in a wave of violence that has been building in recent weeks. Though some are inclined to assign exclusive responsibility to Israel for these acts of provocation, the present Palestinian escalation dates back to well before the Temple Mount disturbances, when, on September 13, stones and Molotov cocktails were thrown at Israeli positions in the vicinity of the Netzarim junction in the Gaza Strip. This was followed by a number of increasingly violent incidents, including the killing of an Israeli soldier by a roadside bomb near Netzarim on September 27"Palestinian terrorism since Sept 2000 by the Israeli Ministry of Foreign AffairsSgt. David Biri. September 27, 2000. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs."Fallen soldier's father: I never thought this would happen" . September 29, 2000. Jerusalem Post.
Većina analitičara i povjesničara smatra da je Sharonov posjet toj lokaciji pokrenuo nemire koji su prerasli u Drugu Intifadu.. "This morning, both sides started out tense, after clashes on Thursday [Sept 28, 2000] provoked by Mr. Sharon's visit.". "A visit by Likud Party leader Ariel Sharon to the site known as the Temple Mount by Jews sparked a clash on Thursday [Sept 28, 2000] between stone-throwing Palestinians and Israeli troops, who fired tear gas and rubber bullets into the crowd. ... Also Thursday [Sept 28, 2000], an Israeli soldier critically injured in a bomb attack on an army convoy in the Gaza Strip died of his wounds." U prvih pet dana nemira, izraelska policija ubila je 47 Palestinaca a ranila 1,885, dok su Palestinci ubili 5 Izraelaca.B'Tselem – Statistics – Fatalities . Israeli security force personnel killed by Palestinians in the Occupied Territories. Detailed B'Tselem list.B'Tselem – Statistics – Fatalities . Israeli civilians killed by Palestinians in the Occupied Territories. Detailed B'Tselem list.
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